Individual Project Essay Example

Individual Project Essay For your selected company you must provide a formal management review report that contains the following sections: 1 . Executive Summary a. You will need to provide a concise summary (or extract) of your findings followed by a general recommendation on how well this company performs the main functions of management and where any major Improvements could be made. 2. An overview of this company a. Its name, location of head office, location of subsidiary offices b. Its main line of work (services, products) 3. Governance a. Composition of its Board of Directors b. Committee Structures (such as whether It has a separate audit committee, insemination committee) c. Major shareholders or shareholder groups (such as Pension Fund Managers for example) d. How effective is its governance? Can you suggest improvements? 4. Ethics and Social responsibility a. Is this an ethical company? Is it socially responsible? You will need to support your position. B. Has the company ever been featured in the press in a negative way that was attributable, whether correctly or Incorrectly, to ethical or social responsibility Issues? If so, were these allegations founded? If not has your research uncovered any areas Tanat could pose a rills to tens company In accessibility or ethics? 5. Organization ten areas AT social a. How is this company organized? What is its organizational structure? B. Is there a prevailing organizational culture? How is this evident? We will write a custom essay sample on Individual Project specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Individual Project specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Individual Project specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If this is not obvious from your research what type of organizational culture would you expect to find and why? C. Link as much of the course material concerning organization to your research into this company d. How effective is its organization? Can you suggest improvements? 6. Planning a. How does this company conduct its strategic planning? Its operational planning? B. Link as much of the course material concerning planning to your research into this company. C. How effective is its planning function(s)? Can you suggest improvements? 7. Leading a. Who are the key leaders in this company? B. Which leadership styles are evident? If this is not obvious from your research, which leadership styles would be most appropriate and why? C. Link as much of the course material concerning leadership to your research into this company. D. How effective is its leadership? Can you suggest improvements? 8. Controlling a. What control mechanisms do you feel would be most critical to this company and why? B. Link as much of the course material concerning control to your research into this company. . How effective is control in this company? Can you suggest any 9. Written Assignment Grading Report a. Every assignment must be submitted with an academic attestation (as below) signed by every member of the group, and, b. A Grading Report Sheet as given on page 4 Your written assignment MUST: Clearly contain bold headers for each section; Be free of grammatical errors; Respect scholarship by appropriately referencing all material that is n ot original; Contain the academic attestation form, signed by all members of your group; and, Not exceed 15 pages, 12-pitch font, double-spaced, excluding cover page, bibliography and references. The outline of your written report must be as follows: Executive Summary Company Overview Governance Ethics and Social Responsibility organization Planning Leading Controlling The Academic Attestation MUST be the following and MUST be signed: Academic Integrity Integrity is a basic value of our society and of the business world. Academic integrity is also a key value of the Teller School of Management. To underline its importance, all assignment, report, project, or other work submitted in partial fulfillment of the acquirement of a course at the Teller School of Management must include on its front page the following signed statement (signed by each member of a team in the case of a group assignment or team work): Statement of Academic Integrity This work conforms to the rules on academic integrity of the University of Ottawa. Signature: add a signature sheet.

High frequency stimulation protocol Essay Example

High frequency stimulation protocol Essay Example High frequency stimulation protocol Essay High frequency stimulation protocol Essay Long term potentiation is a widely used electrophysiological experimental tool to analyze synaptic malleability. It involves beef uping of synaptic connexions following high frequence stimulations of afferent nerve cells. A polar function of NMDA receptors has been suggested in care of synaptic malleability. Since its find a figure of statements have been raised in footings of its pertinence to quantify memory. Furthermore, assorted stimulations protocols could be used for the initiation of LTP ; like High frequence stimulation, theta burst stimulations and primed burst potentiation. HFS has subtle disadvantages like being physiologically different from of course happening firing forms in hippocampal nerve cells. Advantages of theta explosion frequence over high frequence stimulation is discussed in reappraisal by ( Albensi et al, 2007 ) . Most of the literature reviewed in this subdivision involves usage of high frequence stimulation protocol. These facts raise the demand to add cau tiousness in construing the consequences of LTP initiation to cognitive map. Despite of these facts, early life emphasis has been reported to hold profound and digesting effects on long term memory every bit good as LTP. Stress during early life induced by either maternal separation, rise uping in limited nesting stuff or exposure to fresh environments leads to digesting effects on memory. These surveies showed an damage of memory map following maternal separation during neonatal period, when tested in Water Maze at grownup age ( Aisa et al, 2009 ; Cui et Al, 2006 ; Huot et Al, 2002 ) and active and inactive turning away trials ( Kosten et al, 2007 ) . These effects of early life emphasis on memory damage were non merely observed in carnal surveies but besides in worlds. Childhood physical disregard has been correlated with encephalon derived neurotropic factor and memory public presentation in big female topic with recurrent major depression ( Grassi-Oliveira et Al, 2008 ) . The damage in cognitive map due to early life emphasis has been studied with regard to impairment in Long term potentiation. Bidirectional effects of early life emphasis on memory and LTP has been reported in assorted limbic constructions based on the emphasis methods and experimental protocols used. For illustration, Rearing in limited nesting and bedding material lead to damage of LTP in hippocampal CA1 countries on high frequence stimulation of Schaffer collaterals, in piece prepared from these rats ( Cui et al, 2006 ) . In a similar manner, LTP initiation in hippocampal dentate convolution in relation to perforant way stimulation was significantly more under basal conditions in the grownup progeny of high creaming training as compared to offspring of low creaming preparing rats ( Bagot et al, 2009 ) . This was associated with increased hippocampus dependant larning in contextual fright conditioning trial and an addition in spine denseness in dendrites of DGCs in offspring of High LG female parents. In maternal behavior surveies, low creaming preparing behavior of female parent is considered to be associated with nerve-racking events in early life. These behaviors have been shown to act upon emphasis reactivity and cognitive public presentation in offspring. In the same survey, it was found that disposal of corticosterone 100nM or Isoproteronol 1.0 Â µM lead to a important addition in LTP initiation in low creaming preparing offspring. These consequences suggest that maternal separation leads to adaptive alterations in the construction and physiology of countries of encephalon related to emphasis, which could be good or harmful depending on the degree of menace. In a high menace state of affairs this might be good doing the response to be quicker while an overdone response in a low menace status might take to impairment of normal behavioral maps. Another survey by ( Champagne et al, 2008 ) showed similar consequences in hippocampal CA1 cells. This survey co rrelated decreased LTP initiation in low LG offspring with low degrees of look of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. At the cellular degree these effects could be hard to explicate. The physiological effects of CORT depend on the comparative sum of MRs and GRs in the countries of encephalon like hippocampus, which has look of both receptors. A balance between businesss of these receptors defines the physiological effects from these countries of encephalon. MRs are preponderantly occupied during radical status because of their higher affinity for CORT, while GRs are progressively occupied with higher doses of CORT or chronic nerve-racking conditions. Since degrees of these receptors cut down in ELS, during radical conditions, LTP initiations will be expected to be low chiefly due to cut down MR dependent decrease in excitement. While during extremely nerve-racking conditions or higher doses of CORT disposal, a lowering in GRs due to ELS might cut down the repressive cons equence of CORT on LTP. Managing of rats during early life, which is considered to be a good control for maternal separation emphasis, is reported to hold protective effects due to increased maternal attention shown by female parents to the whelps. These rats have increased degree of GRs and MRs in hippocampus which increases the negative feedback suppression to HPA axis. Survey by ( Tang and Zou, 2002 ) compared the effects of early handling to exposure to novelty induced emphasis. Exposure to novel environment for 3 proceedingss daily from PN 1-21 yearss lead to a important addition in initiation of LTP in CA1 cells of hippocampus, 30 proceedingss after High frequence stimulation of Schaffer collateral tracts on exposure to freshness in early life. This study is consistent with the studies of ELS suppressing LTP initiation, when the opposite effects of short continuance freshness emphasis to ELS are considered. These consequences are validated by studies of exposure to brief stress/early managing increasi ng the degree of NR2B subunit look of NMDA receptors, which might take to enhancement of LTP ( Stamatakis et al, 2009 ) . Neonatally handled rats had higher NR2B fractional monetary unit messenger RNA and adhering sites in dorsal CA1 hippocampul country along with increased degrees in cingulated and somatosensory cerebral mantle. Another survey by the same group showed that freshness emphasis enhances the effects of corticosterone on neural irritability and malleability. The repressive consequence of CORT application on LTP initiation in hippocampal pieces was enhanced significantly in rats exposed to novelty emphasis ( Zou et al, 2001 ) . Basal degree of CORT has preponderantly MR dependant effects which besides lead to enhancement of LTP initiation. While increased degree of MRs/GRs in these rats ( which leads to heighten negative feedback to HPA axis ) makes them react more to the repressive consequence of exogenic CORT, added to the encephalon pieces ( Wiegert et Al, 2005 ) . En vironment enrichment protocol is besides reported to be protective against behavioral and cognitive shortages induced by early life emphasis. Environmental enrichment leads to a important addition in LTP initiation in control rats and reversed the effects of early life emphasis every bit good as antenatal emphasis in immature grownup rats ( Cui et al, 2006 ; Yang et Al, 2007 ) . Additionally, an in vivo work by ( Gruss et al, 2008 ) studied impact of maternal separation during early life on behavioral emphasis induced late LTP support in maturity. Late LTP is considered as a protein synthesis dependent stage of LTP which lasts for longer periods, more than 8 hours as compared to protein synthesis independent LTP which lasts for around 2 hours. This survey showed that 24 hr maternal separation at station natal twenty-four hours 9, lead to an suppression in late LTP support by 2 min forced swim trial. This consequence was non observed in rats which were separated on postpartum twenty-four hours 4 or 18, emphasizing the importance of emphasis paradigm during these periods. This survey besides showed PND 9, which is in stress hyperresponsive period, really critical for the abiding effects of early life emphasis. ( Li et al, 2008 ) showed consequence of sibling deprievation, which is besides a potent stressor, on PN 7 besides falling in stress-hyper-responsive pe riod to impair public presentation in Morris Water Maze in female rats. Furthermore, there are surveies in which emphasis increased LTP initiation. For eg. , invivo experiments by ( Kehoe and Bronzino, 1999 ; Kehoe et Al, 1995 ) studied impact of early neonatal isolation on dentate convolution LTP in grownup freely traveling male and female rats. Rats isolated for 1 hr daily from PND 2-9 from their female parent showed enhanced LTP initiation as compared to non handled rats. The differences observed in the consequences observed in LTP induction/inhibition might be attributed to difference in emphasis protocol used ( maternal separation or categorization harmonizing to creaming preparing behavior ) or experimental protocols used ( stimulation protocol, the clip between emphasis and LTP initiation, whether the experiments are performed on freely traveling rats or encephalon pieces ) and part of the encephalons studied. These factors are good discussed in reappraisal by ( Joels and Krugers, 2007 ) . These differences in the effects of early life emphasis on LTP initiation and suppression warrants its usage straight correlating with memory map. Most of the surveies have focused induction/inhibition of synaptic connexions in dentate convolution or CA1 country of hippocampus with regard to stimulation of perforant way or schaffer indirect severally. Survey from ( Blaise et al, 2008 ) has shown an addition synaptic connexions between hippocampal dentate convolution and baslolateral amygdale on neonatal isolation of rat whelps from their female parent every bit good as their siblings 1 hr daily from postpartum twenty-four hours 2-9. Basolateral amygdale mediates emotional and fear responses to emphasize every bit good as effects formation of hippocampal dependent memory formation. Increased LTP between these parts could hold of import deductions for emphasis induced emotional memory. This survey could besides explicate an increased synaptic irritability in rats exposed to early life emphasis during pathological conditions like epilepsy ( Salzberg et al, 2007 ) . Early life emphasis protocols like maternal separation lead to inc reased rate of patterned advance of inflaming stimulations to make phase V of ictuss harmonizing to categorization described by ( Racine et al, 1972 ) . Similarities in the tracts of inflaming and long term potentiation are discussed in reappraisal by ( McEachern and Shaw, 1996 ) . Anterior initiation of LTP in the tract from enterorhinal cerebral mantle and dentate convolution decreased subsequent figure of stimulations needed to make to the full kindled province ( Sutula and Steward, 1987 ) . The antonym was besides true as there was an addition in the initiation of LTP after a individual tinder stimulation that evoked after discharge but had minimum behavioral ictuss ( Sutula and Steward, 1986 ) . These facts are besides supported by studies of low frequence stimulations similar to those which induce long term depression in deep encephalon parts instantly after inflaming stimulations, delayed the epileptogenesis procedure in almond-shaped tinder ictuss ( Velisek et al, 2002 ; Wan g et Al, 2008 ; Wu et Al, 2008 ) . Interestingly, low frequence stimulations given one time day-to-day for a hebdomad ( without concurrent inflaming stimulations ) , in to the full kindled rats inhibited ictus development when stimulations were commenced ( Weiss et Al, 1995 ) . ( Pavlides et al, 2002 ) showed that choronic emphasis during maturity leads to suppression in the development of LTP in both CA1 and dentate granule cells, which is consistent with the studies of consequence of early life emphasis. But high frequence stimulations which were used for development of LTP evoked epileptic discharges in 56 % of acutely stressed rats, 29 % of inveterate stressed rats while 9 % merely in non stressed rats. This is contrary to the outlook that LTP and inflaming ictuss advancement in same way. Furthermore, early life emphasis leads to suppression of LTP and cognitive maps while it leads to increased rate of epileptogenesis procedure ( Salzberg et al, 2007 ) . Besides, despite many re ported similarities in molecular tracts between LTP and inflaming procedure, differences in the molecular tracts have besides been reported ( Heida et al, 2009 ) . Protein kinase M zeta which is of import for the development of LTP and memory formation has non been implicated in patterned advance of limbic ictuss during inflaming. In fact, there is a direct survey describing basolateral amygdale inflaming stamp downing development of LTP in hippocampal CA1 and sidelong amygdale between schaffer collaterals and sensory nerves running with in sidelong amygdale severally, 48 hours after last kindling stimulation ( Schubert et Al, 2005 ) . Therefore, whether LTP induction/inhibition by early life emphasis straight relate increased exposure to limbic epileptogenensis by ELS is still non clear. Further surveies straight correlating early life emphasis with LTP initiation in tracts of inflaming patterned advance would be required.

Opinion Writing (Intellectual Property Law) Essay

Opinion Writing (Intellectual Property Law) - Essay Example rge companies often operate in order to entertain needs and wants of elite social class because of its higher buying power whereas, smaller competitors work in order to cater consumerism of middle and lower classes of the community. 6. The first one has its eyes fixed on construction industry whereas, the second one is producing toys for kids and any reasonable man is going to ask how can Loge overcome Clinker’s market share or hurt its brand image because they are not targeting construction managers to buy their products. 7. In simple terms, it is madness to consider Loge as a competitor for Clinker. The court of law will presumably say that Loge has no apparent intention to hurt Clinker and if they want to then they cannot do that because of lack of resources and relevant market strategy. 8. More clearly, Loge has no distant plan to enter construction industry and on the other hand, Clinker has no plans to produce toys for kids in future and when they develop such strategic outlines then they are most welcome to fight the legal battle out until then they should remain at peace with each other. Clinker will be advantageous by not firing the weapon on Loge and that benefit will be discussed at a later stage of the paper. 2. The Clinker can also send the company a legal notice threatening it about legal action if they do not remove their logo which is using Clinker’s registered items such as the Grey Background Color and Bricks. 3. However, the case can be filed under Section 8 of American Constitution. However, the application of the law is going to be problematic at best because it is only commonsense not to consider Clinker and Loge as competitors because the law states that competitors cannot have the right to copy each others’ colors and logos as it will cause them to eat away brand image and market share. 4. The case will not stand on solid logical grounds in the court of law whereas, the Loge will most probably walk away with the logo and both the

La Marseillaise, the Internationale and The Horst Wessel Song Essay

La Marseillaise, the Internationale and The Horst Wessel Song - Essay Example During different radical and political revolutions occurred in different parts of the world songs are created with motivating lyrics and several propaganda movies have also been produced to influence the behaviors and thoughts of masses(Parker, p126). Some of the popular songs in the history of world revolutionary politics include La Marseillaise, Internationale and The Horst Wessel Song. These songs have been writing during different time spans to advocate the political revolutions of in France, Russia and Germany however these songs are not limited to these countries and nations only but have inspired the whole world through their enthusiastic way of motivating and rousing people towards political changes and revolution. These songs enjoy worldwide popularity and appraisal and they have become international songs of revolution and radical political movements. The essay discusses the importance and role of these songs in fostering the movements during which they were written and pub licized and also illustrates the importance of songs and mass media messages by taking example of Riefenstahl’s political propaganda movie Triumph of the Will. La Marseillaise also called The Marseille song is the national anthem of France. The song was originally titles as the war song for the Army of the Rhine. The song was written in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget De Lisle and three years later in 1795 it was adopted as the first national anthem of the country. The melody of the song was adopted from a theme written by Giovan Viotti in 1781. Soon after its composition La Marseillaise received popularity among the masses. People started singing this song on the streets and it became the rallying call to the French revolution (Darnton and Roche, p60). The lyrics of the songs reflect the French invasion by the foreign invaders that came from Austria and Prussia and later the invading forces were repelled from France after losing the Battle of Valmy. However, later the song was banned by Napoleon I, Louis XVIII and Napoleon III because they viewed the song threat to the stability of peace within country. During the regimes of these rulers other songs were adopted as national anthem of France however, in 1879 it was restored as French national anthem and it was widely accepted that La Marseillaise was not only the anthem of France but it became the anthem of the international revolutionary movements occurred during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (Prescott and Nelson, p87). The song played active role in motivating people and geared up their emotions towards fighting for social and political change in the society. La Marseillaise proved to be an impressive song with strong, passionate, encouraging and emotional lyrics and zealous music composition (Parker, p126). Another important and popular revolutionary song is Internationale that was originally written in French language soon after the demise of the Paris Commune by Eugene Pottier who was a revolutionary exile. However, the song didn’t remain engaged with the French revolution but it soon became the international anthem of the working class all over the globe. The song gained the attention as the common voice and expression of the people having firm belief upon socialism. The song gained popularity

The key to a lasting marriage. A literature review Essay

The key to a lasting marriage. A literature review - Essay Example With the onslaught of industrialization however, the institution seems to have lost the respect and honor that was accorded to it with the result that divorce rates are on the rise. This paper discusses the respectable institution of marriage as a literature review of academic peer reviewed journal articles that discuss the key to a happy and successful marriage while relating to the discipline of psychology. I would like to start this literature review by discussing the financial aspect of marriage by reviewing a journal article that discusses how a change in the income level of a wife may affect the marriage. The article titled "Changes in wives' income: Effects on marital happiness, psychological well-being, and the risk of divorce." by Rogers and DeBoer. The article tries to answer "what happens in marriages in which wives have increased their income Does subsequent marital happiness improve or worsen Does the psychological well-being of husbands and wives increase or decline Does the risk of divorce increase, or is it lessened" (Rogers) This article is a good starting point as in today's modern world it is very much a norm that both husband and wife are working. Hence this article relates to a key aspect of modern married life. As per the article the authors found that a significant increase in a married women's income doesn't have any significant effects on their husbands. However the article does make us realize that a married man is comparatively less happy when his wife's percentage contribution to total family income increases. Nevertheless as per the article the chances of divorce is not significantly affected by the change in this percentage. Although the authors suggest that the increase in relative Income does on the contrary indirectly lower the risk of divorce by increasing the wife's martial happiness. To get to these results the authors used date from a sample of 1,047 married individuals (not couples) in medium-duration marriages, taken from a survey that begun in 1980 and continued to 1997. The authors have used structural equation modeling to gauge the discussed impact from 1980 to 1988. Final analysis was based on analysis using information of how these changes affect the risk of divorce between 1988 and 1997. I feel that although this article was fully researched but further research also needs to be conducted on the consequential affects on married life when the same females who had experienced a rise in income, experience a decline or a total loss of income. My second choice for the literature review is an article by Arturo Roizblatt, and other authors on long lasting marriages in Chile that was published in the Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal. The article discusses the Chilean segment of a study that included Canada, Germany, Israel, Netherlands, South Africa, Sweden and the United States of America with respect to long-term marriages. The study aimed to identify the main reasons for couples surviving for a long term while identifying their characteristics. The article also aimed at to prove if there could be an

Structure Function Of Axial Skeleton

Structure Function Of Axial Skeleton The axial skeleton consists of the 80 bones in the head and trunk of the human body. It is composed of several parts; the human skull, the sternum, the rib cage, and the vertebral column. There are also some major bones included in this skeleton. The skull, which is located on top of the vertebral column, is one. The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton together form the complete skeleton. The axial skeleton transmits the weight from the head, the trunk, and the upper extremities down to the lower extremities at the hip joints, and is therefore responsible for the upright position of the human body. Most of the body weight is located in back of the spinal column which therefore has the erector spinae muscles and a large amount of ligaments attached to it resulting in the curved shape of the spine. The 366 skeletal muscles acting on the axial skeleton position the spine, allowing for big movements in the thoracic cage for breathing, and the head, where they control the minute and complex facial movements. Adults have 12 pairs of ribs, which run between the sternum and the thoracic cage. The ribs are flat bones that create a protective cage around the heart and lungs. An individual will have seven pairs of ribs that both attach to the sternum and vertebrae. These are true ribs. They will also have three pairs that attach from the vertebrae to a cartilage attachment on the sternum and two that attach to the vertebrae but are free as they have no second attachment. These are free ribs. The spine is made up of five different areas; cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (5), coccyx (4). The seven cervical vertebrae make up the neck and run down to the shoulders. The twelve thoracic vertebrae make up the chest area and the five lumbar vertebrae make up the lower back. The sacrum consists of five vertebrae and these are fixed together and they form a joint with the pelvis and the coccyx is four bones joined together, which are remnants of when we had a tail. The appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones in the human body. The word appendicular is the adjective of the noun appendage which itself means a part that is joined to something larger. Functionally it is involved in locomotion (Lower limbs) of the axial skeleton and manipulation of objects in the environment (Upper limbs). The appendicular skeleton is divided into six major areas and contains bones such as; shoulder girdle (scapula and clavicle), the pelvic girdle, upper and lower limbs. It is important to realize that through anatomical variation it is common for the skeleton to have many extra bones (sutural bones in the skull, cervical ribs, lumbar ribs and even extra lumbar vertebrae). Their functions are to make locomotion possible and to protect the major organs of locomotion, digestion, excretion, and reproduction. The appendicular skeleton of 134 bones and the axial skeleton of 80 bones together form the complete skeleton of 206 bones in the human body. Unlike the axial skeleton, the appendicular skeleton is unfused. This allows for a much greater range of motion. The bones colored red are the bones in the appendicular skeleton. Fibula Tibia Patella Femur Carpals, Metacarpals, phalanges Ulna Radius Humerus Scapula, clavicle Ischium, illium, pubis Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges The functions of the major bones of the appendicular skeleton. Clavicle This bone connects the upper arm to the trunk of the body. One end is connected to scapula. The role of the clavicle is to keep the scapula the correct distance from the sternum. Scapula This bone is at the back of the body. The scapula provides points of attachment for many of the muscles of the upper back and arms. Arm This consists of three bones; the humerus (upper arm), the radius and the ulna (lower arm). The ulna forms the elbow joint with the humerus and runs to the little finger. The radius is positioned opposite the ulna and runs to the thumb side. When the hand moves the radius moves across the ulna. Hand The hand has three areas made up with different types of bones. First, wrist is made up of eight bones called carpals, which are small bones made up into two rows of four; the five long bones between the wrist and fingers are called metacarpals and the bones of the fingers are phalanges. There are fourteen phalanges in all with three in each finger and two in the thumb. Pelvis The pelvis protects and supports the lower internal organs, including the bladder, the reproductive organs, and also in pregnant women, the developing foetus. The pelvis is made up of three bones, the ilium, pubis and Ischium, which have become fused together to form one main area. The Leg The leg consists of four bones; the femur is the longest bone in the body and forms the knee joint with the tibia, which is the weight-bearing bone of the lower leg; the fibula is the non- weight bearing bone of the lower leg and helps the ankle; the patella is the bone that floats over the knee. It lies within the patella tendon and smoothes the movement of the tendons over the knee joint. The Foot Like the hand that has three areas, so does the foot. The seven tarsals form the ankle, the five metatarsals travel from the ankle to the toes and the fourteen phalanges which make up the toes. There are three in each toe and two in each big toe. Compact bone or (cortical bone) Cortical bone, synonymous with compact bone, is one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Cortical bone facilitates bones main functions: to support the body, protect organs, provide levers for movement, and store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium and phosphorous. As its name implies, cortical bone forms the cortex, or outer shell, of most bones. Again, as its name implies, compact bone is much denser than cancellous bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue. Furthermore, it is harder, stronger and stiffer than cancellous bone. Cortical bone contributes about 80% of the weight of a human skeleton. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cortical bone is the osteon. Properties of cortical bone studies using MRI and CT scan are the main field of research in recent years. Cancellous bone Cancellous bone, synonymous with trabecular bone or spongy bone, is one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Compared to compact bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue, it has a higher surface area but is less dense, softer, weaker, and less stiff. It typically occupies the interior region of bones. Cancellous bone is highly vascular and frequently contains red bone marrow where hematopoiesis, which is the production of blood cells, occurs. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cancellous bone is the trabecula. Types of Bones There are 5 types of bone found within the human body. These are long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Long Bones Long bones are some of the longest bones in the body, such as the Femur, Humerus and Tibia but are also some of the smallest including the Metacarpals, Metatarsals and Phalanges. The classification of a long bone includes having a body which is longer than it is wide, with growth plates (epiphysis) at either end, having a hard outer surface of compact bone and a spongy inner known as cancellous bone containing bone marrow. Both ends of the bone are covered in hyaline cartilage to help protect the bone and aid shock absorption. The femur a long bone Short Bones Short bones are defined as being approximately as wide as they are long and have a primary function of providing support and stability with little movement. Examples of short bones are the Carpals and Tarsals in the wrist and foot. They consist of only a thin layer of compact, hard bone with cancellous bone on the inside along with relatively large amounts of bone marrow. The carpals short bones Flat Bones Flat bones are as they sound, strong, flat plates of bone with the main function of providing protection to the bodys vital organs and being a base for muscular attachment. The classic example of a flat bone is the Scapula (shoulder blade). The Sternum (breast bone), Cranium (skull), Pelvis and Ribs are also classified as flat bones. Anterior and posterior surfaces are formed of compact bone to provide strength for protection with the centre consisting of cancellous (spongy) bone and varying amounts of bone marrow. In adults, the highest number of red blood cells are formed in flat bones. The scapula a flat bone Irregular Bones These are bones which do not fall into any other category, due to their non-uniform shape. Good examples of these are the Vertebrae, Sacrum and Mandible (lower jaw). They primarily consist of cancellous bone, with a thin outer layer of compact bone. Vertebrae irregular bones Sesamoid Bones Sesamoid bones are usually short or irregular bones, imbedded in a tendon. The most obvious example of this is the Patella (knee cap) which sits within the Patella or Quadriceps tendon. Other sesamoid bones are the Pisiform (smallest of the Carpals) and the two small bones at the base of the 1st Metatarsal. Sesamoid bones are usually present in a tendon where it passes over a joint which serves to protect the tendon. The patella a sesamoid bone Specific uses for specific bones Specific bones in the body are designed for their own purpose. The femur is the largest bone in the human body. The reason for this is that it has a great number of muscles attached to its surface. These muscles are needed in order for the leg to be able to move. It also has to bear some of the weight of the upper body. The shoulder is another bone that has its own purpose. Its purpose is to allow rotational movement of the upper arm. As a ball and socket joint it does this. It is also a surface for the muscles that allow attaching to. Without these muscles this movement would be impossible. The elbow and the knee can be used as an example of bones of the body that have many functions. The knee is made up of two parts the patella is the part of the knee that allows movement and it rests on a bursae. The second part is the joining of the femur and the tibia and the fibula. This is a meeting of many bones and many muscles and all these muscles control things like the movement of the an kle and the foot. The different types of joints A place where two bones join or meet is called a joint or articulation. A joint is held together with ligaments and these give the joint stability. Joints are placed into three categories depending on the amount of movement available. Fixed/fibrous; these joints allow no movement. These joints can be found between the plates of the skull. Slightly moveable/cartilaginous; these allow a small amount and are held in place by ligaments and are cushioned by cartilage. These types of joints can be found between the vertebrae of the spine. Moveable/ synovial; there are six types of this joint all with varying degrees of movement. The six types of joint are: hinge, ball and socket, pivot, condyloid, sliding, and saddle. A synovial joint is made up of several components; Synovial capsule keeps the contents of the synovial joint in place. Synovial membrane releases synovial fluid onto the joint. Synovial fluid a thick oily substance that helps lubricate the joint and allows free movement. Articular cartilage a bluish-white covering that protects the end of the bones from wearing down. Hinge joint This is a diagram of a knee. This joint is a hinge joint. The hyaline cartilage on the end of the femur is used as an articulating surface when rubbing with the medial meniscus. This movement, controlled by the lateral collateral ligament, is what enables us to be able to walk. The movement of walk is the only movement of this joint and it is flexion (when the joint is pulled back by the lateral collateral ligament) and extension (when the leg swings forward to full extension by the lateral collateral ligament). A sporting example of this range of movement is the kicking of a football or rugby ball. Ball and socket This is a diagram of a shoulder joint, which is a ball and socket joint. The humeral head is covered in hyaline cartilage and is used as a rubbing surface against the inside of the socket. The range of movement for this joint is flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation. A sporting example of the use of this joint is hitting a serve in tennis. Condyloid joint This type of joint can be found at the wrist. It allows movement in two different planes; this is called biaxial. It allows you to bend and straighten the joint (flexion and extension). A sporting example of this joint is using a foil in the sport fencing. Pivot joint This joint can be found in the top two vertebrae of your neck. These two vertebrae are call the atlas and axis. It only allows rotational movement. For example it only lets you move your head from side to side as if you were saying no. A sporting example of this joint is the heading of a football. Saddle joint This joint is found only in the thumbs. It allows movement in three planes, backwards, forwards, from side to side and across. These plains of movement are called, Sagittal Plane, Frontal Plane, and Transverse Plane. This joint is specific to only humans. It gives us manual dexterity. This enables us to hold a cup or to write, among many other skills. A sporting example of the use of this joint is the griping of a racket handle in badminton. Gliding joint This type of joint can be found in the carpal bones of the hand and the tarsal bones in the ankle. These types of joint occur between the surfaces of two short or long bones. They allow very limited movement in a range of directions. A sporting example of the use of this joint is the applying of spin to a pass in rugby. Contrast and Comparison of synovial joints. All these synovial joints allow different ranges of movement. They are all in different places and the joint that is there is designed specifically for that function. Without that joint the body would cease to be the perfect machine that we all rely on. This happens to us when we suffer an injury somewhere in our bodies. These joints allow us different ranges of movement because of all the different bones that they are made up of and their composition. An example of this would be that a ball and socket joint could take the place of a gliding joint and keep the exact function. All the joints in the body are there for the one purpose that they do. This could be seen as a disadvantage but when you have something that foes its job so well, why would want to replace? Effects of exercise on the skeletal system If we were to train for a period of about three months we will start to experience some adaptations to our skeletal system: an increase in bone density, stronger ligaments, and a thickening of the hyaline cartilage at the end of the bones. The bones become denser if we perform a lot of weight-bearing exercises, which is where we put force through a bone. An example of this is if we did a lot of walking or running, it places force through the tibia, fibula, and femur, and the body will respond by laying down higher amounts of cartilage and calcium to strengthen the bones. Weight-bearing exercise will also increase osteoblast activity, which means that more bone is being built or being laid down. As the ligaments become stronger due to the higher amounts of collagen being laid down, they also increase the stability of the joints and make them less prone to injury. All the following activities can help stave off such specific bone conditions like osteoporosis; running, skipping, brisk w alking, aerobics, tennis. However, there can be some negative long term effects on your skeleton from specific sports. Here is an example from the sport of tennis and the common injury, tennis elbow. The most common cause of tennis elbow is repeated overuse of your arm. Playing tennis three times in a week when you havent played for some time is the sort of overuse that could cause tennis elbow. However, most people who develop tennis elbow havent been playing tennis. A range of different activities that involve repeated hand, wrist and forearm movements is more often the cause. This includes activities like using a screwdriver, using vibratory work equipment (such as a drill), or even using a keyboard. Rarely, tendon damage can happen after a single and often minor incident, such as lifting something heavy or taking part in an activity which you dont do very often, such as painting and decorating. These activities can cause a tear in your tendon. Short term effects of sport on the skeletal system A short term affect of exercise on the skeleton is an increase in the secretion of synovial fluid from the joints. Another effect is that the area of the joint may be warmed up and may be easier to move. The joints ligaments and tendons may also become suppler as a result of this. This affects the skeleton by creating the need to replace this lost glucose and thus regaining the lost energy. As we can see there are some differences between the long and short term effects of doing exercise. You can suffer injuries from both and they can have long or short term effects on your body. A plus side is that your body rebuilds itself quickly and can become healthier and fitter through the use of exercise. Therefore the next time you go to do the sporting activity, you are able to perform better. You should not, though, do to much lengthy exercise for a great period of time as this can also have the undesired affect of stress on the skeleton. You should not do to much light exercise as this can have the affect of your body not benefiting from the exercise. Instead you should try and mix up the exercise routine you do so that you can gain the greatest possible outcome of health and fitness for your body.

Situated Cognition Essay -- Learning Cognition Essays

Situated Cognition Learning and Knowledge Relates to Situated Cognition "Learning and knowing are integrally and inherently situated in the everyday world of human activity" (Wilson, 1993, p.71). Learning is situated in the context in which it is taught. In other words, the context in which something is learned is very important. The activity in which the learner is engaged in at the time of learning is also important (Griffin and Griffin, 1996, p.293). If the goal of a learner is to solve day-to-day life experiences, they must engage in such opportunities. In order to understand and gain knowledge, learning theories stress the importance of creating a relationship between all pieces of information, the learner, and the environment. It is the responsibility of both the teacher and the learner to link the appropriate information together. If students can develop a relationship for the "underlying reasons for ‘how’ and ‘why’ to use specific procedures, they will be able to store this information as part of their knowledge network," and develop links with other pieces of information (Gersten and Baker, 1998, p.24). On the contrary, if learners learn facts of information that are isolated from a meaningful context, their understanding is often incomplete and meaningless. As a result of these linked relationships between individuals and environments, knowledge is the prevailing outcome. In summary, "knowledge is situated, being in part a product of the activity, context, and culture in which it is developed and used (Brown, Collins, and Duguid, 1989, p.32). What is Situated Cognition? Situated Cognition is a way to "address difficulties students have in retention and generalization" (Gersten and Baker, 1998, p.23). It ... ...or Well-Structured and Ill-Structured Problem-Solving Learning Outcomes. ETR&D, Vol. 45, No. 1, 1997, pgs. 65-94, SSN 1024-1629. Moore, Beverly. Situated Cognition Versus Traditional Cognitive Theories of Learning. Education, V119, N1, pgs 161-171, Fall 1998. Moore, Joyce L.; Lin, Xiaodong; Schwartz, Daniel L.; Petrosino, Anthony; Hickey, Daniel T.; Campbell, Olin; and Hmelo, Cindy. The Relationship Between Situated Cognition and Anchored Instruction: A Response to Tripp. Educational Technology, October, 1994. Wilson, Arthur L. The Promise of Situated Cognition. New Directions for Adults and Continuing Education, No. 57, Spring, 1993 Wisner, Alain. The Etienne Grandjean Memorial Lecture: Situated Cognition and Action-Implications for Ergonomics Work Analysis and Anthropotechnology. Ergonomics, Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1995, Vol. 38, No.8, Pgs. 1542-1557.

The Injustice of Plastics

Disadvantages of Plastics are 1. Flammable – This is definitely an advantage in that they can be melted down, however smoldering plastics can release toxic fumes into the environment. 2. Cost of Recycling – While recycling is a plus, recycling is a very costly endeavor. 3. Volume – In the United States 20% of our landfill is made up of plastics. As more products are being made of plastics, where will this lead us in the future? 4. Durability – This is an advantage as well as a disadvantage. Plastics are extremely durable, which means that they last a long time.Those plastics in the landfill will be there for years. Plastics make our lives easier, however is their cost on the environment worth it? We can only hope that soon someone will invent a way to safely and cheaply melt and reuse plastics. A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic amorphous solids[citation needed] used in the manufacture of industrial products. P lastics are typically polymers of high molecular mass, and may contain other substances to improve performance and/or reduce costs. Monomers of plastic are either natural or synthetic organic compounds.The word plastic is derived from the Greek (plastikos) meaning capable of being shaped or molded, from (plastos) meaning molded. [1][2] It refers to their malleability, or plasticity during manufacture, that allows them to be cast, pressed, or extruded into a variety of shapes—such as films, fibers, plates, tubes, bottles, boxes, and much more. The common word plastic should not be confused with the technical adjective plastic, which is applied to any material which undergoes a permanent change of shape (plastic deformation) when strained beyond a certain point.Aluminum, for instance, is plastic in this sense, but not a plastic in the common sense; in contrast, in their finished forms, some plastics will break before deforming and therefore are not plastic in the technical se nse. There are two types of plastics: thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers. Thermoplastics will soften and melt if enough heat is applied; examples are polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)[3]. Thermosets can melt and take shape once; after they have solidified, they stay solid.Overview Plastics can be classified by chemical structure, namely the molecular units that make up the polymer's backbone and side chains. Some important groups in these classifications are the acrylics, polyesters, silicones, polyurethanes, and halogenated plastics. Plastics can also be classified by the chemical process used in their synthesis, such as condensation, polyaddition, and cross-linking. [4] Other classifications are based on qualities that are relevant for manufacturing or product design.Examples of such classes are the thermoplastic and thermoset, elastomer, structural, biodegradable, and electrically conductive. Plastics can also be classified by various physical properties, such as density, tensile strength, glass transition temperature, and resistance to various chemical products. Due to their relatively low cost, ease of manufacture, versatility, and imperviousness to water, plastics are used in an enormous and expanding range of products, from paper clips to spaceships.They have already displaced many traditional materials, such as wood; stone; horn and bone; leather; paper; metal; glass; and ceramic, in most of their former uses. The use of plastics is constrained chiefly by their organic chemistry, which seriously limits their hardness, density, and their ability to resist heat, organic solvents, oxidation, and ionizing radiation. In particular, most plastics will melt or decompose when heated to a few hundred degrees celsius. [5] While plastics can be made electrically conductive to some extent, they are still no match for metals like copper or aluminum. citation needed] Plastics are still too expensive to replace wo od, concrete and ceramic in bulky items like ordinary buildings, bridges, dams, pavement, and railroad ties. Chemical structure Common thermoplastics range from 20,000 to 500,000 amu, while thermosets are assumed to have infinite molecular weight. These chains are made up of many repeating molecular units, known as repeat units, derived from monomers; each polymer chain will have several thousand repeating units. The vast majority of plastics are composed of polymers of carbon and hydrogen alone or with oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine or sulfur in the backbone. Some of commercial interests are silicon based. ) The backbone is that part of the chain on the main â€Å"path† linking a large number of repeat units together. To customize the properties of a plastic, different molecular groups â€Å"hang† from the backbone (usually they are â€Å"hung† as part of the monomers before linking monomers together to form the polymer chain). This fine tuning of the properties of the polymer by repeating unit's molecular structure has allowed plastics to become such an indispensable part of twenty first-century world.Some plastics are partially crystalline and partially amorphous in molecular structure, giving them both a melting point (the temperature at which the attractive intermolecular forces are overcome) and one or more glass transitions (temperatures above which the extent of localized molecular flexibility is substantially increased). The so-called semi-crystalline plastics include polyethylene, polypropylene, poly (vinyl chloride), polyamides (nylons), polyesters and some polyurethanes. Many plastics are completely amorphous, such as polystyrene and its copolymers, poly (methyl methacrylate), and all thermosets.Almost every market that you go today, you will see people carrying their shopping items in plastic bags. Right from food items to clothes to shoes, there is hardly any item that we do not use a plastic bag to carry. However, before stuffin g your home with different styles, colors and shapes of plastic bags, have you every considered the dangers that are inherent in using them? No? Then, reading through this article is a must for you. Go through the following lines and explore the disadvantages of plastic bags. After reading them, we are sure that you will prefer sticking to paper bags and the like. Dangers Of Using Plastic BagsEnvironmental Damage Plastic bags have been known to cause a lot of environmental damage. A single plastic bag can take up to 1000 years, to decay completely. This makes the bags stay in environments longer, in turn leading to great build-up on the natural landscape (much more than degradable materials like paper). In other words, the more plastic bags you use, the greater the chances of environmental damage. Threat To Animal Life As per Marrickville Council of Australia, as many as 100,000 whales, turtles and birds die have been reported to die every year, mainly because of plastic in their en vironment.Plastic bags not only have adverse effects on our natural habitats, but have also been found to be responsible for the death of many animals, mainly on account of the suffocation encountered on eating them. Suffocation Not only animals, infants and young children have also been reported to have lost their life, on account of plastic bags. Since plastic bags are thin and airtight as well, children often end up blocking their mouths and nostrils with them. In case they are not being monitored by an adult, this leads to suffocation and, in some cases, even death.Pollution Plastic bags are extremely durable. In case you are thinking of this as an advantage, just bring to mind an image of the huge landfill that you visited on the city outskirts, the other day. In most probability, majority of the rubbish present there will comprise of plastic bags only. In other words, plastic bags have led to a great increase in the pollution levels. Fumes Since plastic bags are not bio-degrad able, the only way to get rid of them is to burn them up. Though lighting a match to them is easy, it has more than its fair share of disadvantages.The biggest of them is that smoldering plastics can release toxic fumes into the environment, in turn taking the air pollution to much higher levels. Non-renewable One of the main disadvantages of plastic bags is that they are not renewable. The reason behind this is that they are made of petrochemicals, a non-renewable source of energy. They can be recycled, but not as easily as paper bags. Plastic bags can last for as much as hundred of years. In other words, long after you are no more, the plastic bag used by you will be in existence. Plastics are manufactured from petroleum.This brings a host of issues (destruction of habitat, extraction of crude oil, security issues from the volatile countries where oil is produced, processing of petroleum, chemical manipulation into various types of plastics). The manufacture involves many chemical s, many of which have not been sufficiently tested for their toxicological impact on humans or animals. The final plastic product is often a chemical entity that in and of itself has had insufficient toxicological and ecotoxicological testing. An example would be PVC, forms of which are banned in Europe but exist widely in children's toys in America.Recent controversies over plastic bottles (many toxicologists recommending not re-using plastic water bottles and not storing food in tupperware) have highlighted the potential risks. Exacerbating the problem is that science is only now advancing to where it can detect plastic components in human blood and then trace concentrations and link them to human ailments and diseases. The plastics industry itself often spins plastic and related plastic chemicals into a variety of products, some of which are hazardous and controversial (Teflon, PVC, Polyethylene, polystyrene, various silicones in body and hair care).Plastic-producing companies ar e often chemical companies or subsidiaries of chemical companies, both with poor track records when it comes to their adherence to regulatory compliance and their willingness to perform toxicological analysis on the products they make. Plastics often leech component chemicals, including hazardous chemicals, through common temperature changes. It is for this reason that toxicologists do not recommend storing very cold foods in plastics or heating foods (microwaving especially) in plastics. Plastics are durable materials.Thus, they are hard to eliminate once used and create tremendous waste. While some common plastics can be recycled (#1 and #2 plastics used in common soda and milk bottles), the vast majority cannot. They take up a lot of space in landfills and create air pollution when incinerated. The Disadvantages of Plastic Skylights Although plastic skylights are safer and sturdier than glass skylights, they do pose several long term disadvantages. Firstly, because they are made in single sheets, they can only be curved or bent in one area, which limits design options.Secondly, all plastics deteriorate in strength and light transmission as time passes, due to ultraviolet rays, heat and oxidation (and none can be entirely prevented). And finally, the life and service of plastic materials is highly unpredictable. Therefore choosing the plastics you will use for a plastic skylight requires much research and first hand knowledge. This is where Roof 101 can help – our contractors have worked with all kinds of plastics in plastic skylights, and their first hand experience could greatly assist you in reaching a decision.

Relationship Between Body and Consciousness by Jean

Relationship Between Body and Consciousness by Jean Introduction According to Jean-Paul Sartre, understanding of the body is obscured by many factors. Moreover, its relation to consciousness is masked. In addition, its problems are concealed. He argues that this is attributed to the complexities surrounding consciousness. For instance, the body has laws that govern it.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Relationship Between Body and Consciousness by Jean-Paul Sartre specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, it is observable as matter. Furthermore, the body can be defined from the outside. However, this is not the same as with consciousness. Consciousness is reached by peculiar intuitions, which are inside the body. This complicates its understanding since one has to relate it to the body organs. Sartre claims that after internal intuitions, one can then unite consciousness to the various body organs for action. Therefore, Sartre tries to define the relationship be tween body and consciousness. In addition, he tries to explore the problems of the body. This paper will review Sartre’s theories on the body as well as its relation to consciousness. The Body Jean-Paul argues that consciousness is quite complex to understand. However, he finds it quite easy to cognize the body. Interestingly, once consciousness has been achieved, then its unity to the various body organs such as the nervous system becomes increasingly complex to analyze. However, he argues that the difficulties arise from trying to connect one’s conscience with other people’s bodies. Interestingly, he notes that no one has ever seen or will ever see his/her brain. That is, people look to others for explanation about their bodies. In that sense, he sees one’s body organs as his/her property than as his/her being. Through this, he notes that observable body organs such as the eye, the legs, and the ears, among others can only be seen in a single perception , which does not involve itself.Advertising Looking for book review on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In essence, Sartre argues that people see their organs as the other in relation to themselves because they cannot comprehend how they function to communicate sense. Therefore, he claims that people deal with different orders of reality. In this regard, he rejects the notion of double sensation because these two orders of reality are in incommunicable levels. In essence, he claims that the orders of reality are radically distinct. Sartre also agrees with other theorists that the discovery of the body as being is real. However, he claims that the body is indeed a being for others. On this, he argues that people usually link their consciousness of objects on the body of others. Sartre gives an example of an inverted image seen from the lens to show that conscience can refuse to be bound by the laws of objec ts so that it conveys an upright image. In this regard, he posits that it is only possible to reflect on the nature of the body by first establishing the order of reflection. This should conform to the order of being which states that people cannot keep confusing the levels of ontology. Moreover, they must first look at the body as being-for-itself then as being-for-others. In addition, he argues that the two orders of the body are in both incommunicable and different levels so that they cannot be unified. In this regard, he continues that being-for-itself has to be wholly consciousness and wholly body. Moreover, it should be noted that the two (consciousness and body) cannot be unified. Similarly, he posits that being-for-others should also be wholly body and the body wholly psychic.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Relationship Between Body and Consciousness by Jean-Paul Sartre specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Being-for-itself: Facticity From the discussion above, Sartre rejects Descartes’s theory that knowing the soul is easy as compared to knowing the body. In essence, it rejects the observations in the â€Å"Cartesian cogito.† Sartre argues that the facts of the body are completely different from the facts of thought. To prove this, he says that facts of the body are accessible through divide providence while facts of thought can be accessed through reflection. That is, the facts of consciousness manifest in signs, which drives the body out of conscience. This makes it difficult to reunite the two since the body has become a body-of-others. He commends the idea that idealism was right in positing that the world is made out of relation. However, he believes that idealism is not entirely true because it was taken from Newtonian science, which conceived relation from another relation known as relation of reciprocity. That is, idealism succeeded only in making the point of absolute objectivity. Moreover, Absolute objectivity made it possible for the world to exist without people thereby nullifying its effect. He therefore claims that the body is in the order of for-itself. In this regard, the body must be defined with the world. He therefore concludes that the body is one’s motivation without being its foundation. Sartre agrees with Plato on the fact that the body individualizes one’s soul. However, he does not agree with some theorists that it was made because of a demiurge. Moreover, he faults Plato in his belief that soul can be separated from the body at death. That is, he believes that one’s soul cannot detach itself from individualization because soul is the body as far as Sartre is concerned. To prove this, he gives an example of a sense, which he believes cannot be given before or after the sensible object.Advertising Looking for book review on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He also commends Bachelard for reproaching phenomenology for inadequacy in coefficient of adversity. However, he faults him partly on the fact that instrumentality is primary. Moreover, he claims that one’s body extends through the tool that it utilizes. In this regard, he joins action and sensation as one. Moreover, he states that the body is a conscious structure of its own consciousness. Sartre believes that body organs give the body as it is acted upon as opposed to giving as it acts. Since he believes that the appearance of the body is not capable of giving rise to new complications, he concludes by stating that the body is one’s facticity of being. Moreover, since on one aspect the body appears as being for itself, on the other aspect it appears as an object, which is visible in one’s body organs. This shows that in accordance with the former level, the body has no physiology but on the latter level, it has physiology due to the presence of organs. In esse nce, Jean-Paul Sartre believes that the body is being-for-itself as well as being an object. In accordance with the former, he claims that the body has several aspects while one lives. One of the aspects includes consciousness, in which he considers the body as being a matter being-for-itself. The second aspect is perception. In this regard, he argues that when people perceive other bodies, they do so in a special manner. This kind of perception is completely different from the perceptions of lifeless things. Thirdly, Sartre believes that one can perceive his/her own body under particular circumstances. One therefore sees himself/herself as an object even without involvement of other people (being-in-itself). He utilizes numerous examples and arguments from theorists such as Plato, and Bachelard, among others to prove his arguments. Moreover, he draws information from many sources with an in depth analysis of information for the audience. It can be said the Sartre tries to define th e body and consciousness. Moreover, he tries to relate them with a view to establishing a common description and cognition of both. This is quite difficult considering the complexities involved. However, it should be noted that he rightly rejects theories that suggest that understanding the soul is easy as compared to understanding the body. Conclusion Jean-Paul Sartre tries to define the human body. He also tries to define consciousness. In both cases, he agrees that human body can be defined in different levels. For instance, he defines it as a being-for-itself and as an object. In the process, he disputes many theories including those posited by Plato, Descartes, and Bachelard, among others. However, it is important to note that he does not dispute their theories entirely but borrows from them to support his theories. Nonetheless, his understanding of the body and soul is quite apprehensive given that he rejects almost all theories posited by others. Moreover, he claims that oneà ¢â‚¬â„¢s soul cannot be detached from his/her body even in death. This brings controversies especially with religious people who believe in the separation of soul from body as well as in their distinctiveness. In addition, his arguments are largely theoretical as well as philosophical. This makes it difficult to defend his theories.

Aquarium Set Up Essays - Fishkeeping, Aquarium, Filter, Heater

Aquarium Set Up Essays - Fishkeeping, Aquarium, Filter, Heater Aquarium Set Up Setting up an aquarium This is a step-bystep instruction for setting up an aquarium. We will discuss pertinent topics such as location, purpose, and setup. There are a several items you will need for your aquarium. I recommend at least a 20-gallon aquarium to start, but the size is up to you. You will need an undergravel filter, gravel (1.5 pounds per gallon). One to two powerheads depending on the size of your aquarium, a heater, stand, and an aquarium hood with light. The first thing you must think about is location. Find a spot that will make the aquarium stand out in the room. Try to keep your aquarium away from windows that receive a lot of sunlight. Too much sunlight throughout the day may create an over abundance of algae in the aquarium. Once you find the right location set up the stand and make sure it is level. You also need to decide what purpose the aquarium is going to serve. Will it be for entertainment? Do you want it to be a living picture? Is it for educational purposes? You will need to know this for the type of fish and filtration system you will need. Before you start to set-up the aquarium or do anything else, you must wash out the aquarium, gravel, and all other equipment being used in the aquarium with regular tap water. After washing place the aquarium on the stand and assemble the undergravel filter. If you look on the box that it came in, it will tell you how to put the filter together. Place the filter on the bottom of the tank and insert the enclosed lift tubes. Once that is done you are ready to start putting in the gravel. Try not to pour all of it in at once, take your time. After all the gravel is put in, smooth it out so that you can have a level surface to put decorations on later. The power heads will go in next. They will be used to direct the water flow in the aquarium by circulating the water through the gravel. Place the powerheads on top of the lift tubes. Make sure you put the suction cups on the powerheads and secure them to the glass on the side of the aquarium. Once all of this is done it is time to add the heater. The heater should be placed in an area where the water will be circulating the most. I always place them in a corner; this is where most currents are the best. The temperature should be around 78-83o F for most fish. Ask your pet store what is the best temperature for the type of fish you will be buying. Do not plug in your heater for about an hour after you have filled up your aquarium with water. Doing so may cause the heater to shatter since the glass is not at the same temperature as the water. Your set-up is almost complete. Now you may start adding water. Place a bowl on the gravel and pour the water into the bowl. This will stop the rock from being pushed around during fill up. Fill up your aquarium till the water level is around two inches from the top. The reason for stopping two inches short is if you add a large rock as a hiding place for the fish, it will take up a lot of the space. Too much space displaced will push the water level up over the sides. Now is the time you want to add any decorations. Now that the aquarium is full of water, plug in your powerheads and add some dechlorinating solution in the water. The rule for dechlorinating solution is one teaspoon for every 10 gallons of water. It is probably still not time to plug in your heater. The last thing you will do is place the aquarium hood on the aquarium. Now you may add your fish. Do not go out and buy a dozen fish and throw them all in at once. Start off with two or three fish of a compatible type or same type of inexpensive fish. For now we must seed the aquarium

Play and pedagogy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Play and pedagogy - Essay Example Research has indicated that through play, they are able to develop mentally, physically and emotionally. In terms of social development, children are able to develop their language skills and interaction with others. Children who appear shy are said to become more confident when they are allowed to play. This is owing to the fact that through playing, they are able to open up and interact with the rest of the pupils. Intelligence in children has also been attributed to the same social phenomena. It assists children to develop mentally and reason when they are faced with different challenges. For instance, some games played by children require that major decision-making. In the process, such children are able to develop mentally and deal with different challenges in life. Play has also been imperative when a teacher want to know the talents of such children. One can tell whether a child has leadership skills through this. This is by observing how the children behave when they are inte racting with the environment through play. For understanding important play and pedagogy, the following observation was done in a kindergarten setting. I visited a certain kindergarten with a view to observe how play and pedagogy assist in child development. After receiving permission from the administration, I was allowed to walk into the classroom as well as the field of play to make observation and note down. The following are some of the observations that I was able to make Day 1 Class setting The setting of the classroom in itself indicates that children are supposed to learn through physical illustrations. On the walls, there were different charts, which had different kinds of drawings, some of which had been made by the children. The charts had alphabets, and drawings that represented every word. For instance, in a letter ‘C’ there was a large cat that was drawn to make it easy for the children to understand. The class had large tables with chairs where the child ren were supposed to sit. However, there was a large space in the classroom, which had been left for a purpose. At one corner of the classroom, there was a television set which is use sometimes by the teachers to pass important information to the children. Windows are higher to ensure that children are not distracted. The design of the classroom indicates that safety measures have been taken to protect the children against any form of harm. The pupils In this particular study, I sampled out two pupils that I would use in making observations. They were Jane and James. The pupils observed were between 3-4 years of age. They were jovial as they went on with their activities in school. One of the most striking features is that the pupils came from different sociocultural backgrounds. The class had full representation of different cultures. On the other hand, the class was designed in a way that it would allow children with special needs to be included. The class had two children who wer e physically challenged. They were however able to appreciate learning just like any other normal children. The teacher would ensure that such children got special attention to facilitate learning. Teaching procedures Immediately the children enter the classroom, they are required to get into a circle. Jane and James and the rest of the chilren hold hands as they begin singing songs that

Political Science Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Political Science - Assignment Example The Congress used the commerce power in the U.S constitution to enact the provision that the Supreme Court subsequently upheld (Schwinn, 2015). The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the provision. Indeed, the Supreme Court noted that the provision could apply in small local hotels since they bought most of their raw materials from other states thus amounting to interstate commerce that falls under the regulation of the commerce clause (Cornell University Law School, 2015). The provision is an effective business measure that eliminated the eminent negative image on interstate commerce since it criminalized the behavior of denying the minority groups access to accommodation and catering services. Ideally, racial discrimination has substantial effect on interstate commerce and hence the provision seeks to regulate this effect (Cornell University Law School, 2015). The provision has control over non-state businesses unlike the Fourteenth Amendment that only applied to state actors. The Fourteenth Amendment only illegalized state-sponsored dis ­crimination but did not address private discrimination. The provision developed a private right of action that allowed the federal government to charge non-state actors with Equal Protection violations (Schwinn, 2015). Apparently, most businesses serve interstate travellers and hence the significance of the provision. As such, I agree with the provision in the 1964 Civil Rights Act that illegalizes racial discrimi nation in businesses that provide accommodations to interstate travelers. Schwinn, S. (2015). Civil Rights Act of 1964: Enduring and Revolutionary. Retrieved from